As a result of Information technology era and possibility of swift access to Information, endorsement of Confidential Business Information ((CBI)) has found an extraordinary importance; whereas the (CBI) concept and legal warranty in order to support it thoroughly in Iran is not emphasized in the framework of a specific law. This issue has led to legal problems in the trial with allegation of (CBI) violation and demand for endorsement of it. Accordingly, many parties become victims of adequate provisions lack and suffer from huge damages. Depiction of supporting provisions in order to strengthen contractual and civil liability in this field, will lead to commercial security and investment growth in our country. Consequently, verifying of fundamental-supporting dimensions of (CBI) in jurisprudence and Iranian law will accelerate the acceptance of this Institution in the form of comprehensive law enactment. In the current research, first of all-in a comparative verification-it is focused on (CBI) concept in England and Iranian law. Then justified basis of (CBI) supporting are pointed out in two fields in the title of intellectual possession and private frontage with restriction of jurisprudence and Iranian law. Eventually taking care to liability roots in structure of Iranian law, contractual liability and then civil liability of (CBI) violation in three fields based on blame liability, strict liability and absolute liability will be analyzed. The dominant method on current research is based on description and analysis.

Medical privacy and maintaining patient Confidentiality is a must which is rooted in absolute moral and customary principles, and is the cornerstone of the trust between the physician and the patient. Therefore, it is supported by laws and considered as one of the prominent aspects of medical law. Violation of patient Confidentiality will lead to legal prosecution. This descriptive study was carried out with the aim of investigating the nature and the dimensions of disclosing patients' Confidential Information in the context of medical law, and explaining the exceptions and the related decrees with a critical approach to the current legal system. The findings showed that the primary rules governing medical relations is the necessity of maintaining patient Confidentiality, and commission of crime and criminal responsibility in case of disclosing patients’,Confidential Information. However, in accordance with public peace and social interests, certain exceptions have been made by the current laws and customs (emergency cases) as the justifiable factors of crime against this rule, which have made the reporting Confidential and medical Information as a legal obligation for the physician. It seems that by relying on the criterion of "adequate support" instead of focusing on "maximum support" in regard with maintaining patients' Confidential Information, it is necessary to stipulate the law on the exceptional cases of disclosing patients' Confidential Information and update the existing laws with regard to the emerging issues and illnesses. In addition, more attention should be paid to clarifying confusion and ambiguity, and creating legal transparency and coherence.

The widespread adoption of Android phones has heightened concerns about user privacy. This research presents an Adaptive Privacy Management System (APMS) that integrates Machine Learning (ML) models with Differential Privacy techniques to enhance privacy protection. The APMS monitors application behavior and employs ML algorithms to detect anomalies and enable context-aware privacy enforcement. Differential Privacy ensures that sensitive data remains protected through the addition of noise and privacy-preserving computations. Experimental results demonstrate that the APMS achieves a 92.5% accuracy rate in detecting the privacy leakage. The anomaly detection model, using Random Forest, shows high accuracy (92.5%), recall (89.5%), and precision (73.9%), effectively identifying both normal and anomalous behaviors. Additionally, the impact of noise on data utility, controlled by the privacy budget (ε), is manageable. The results show that APMS is a robust system for safeguarding user Confidential Information, contributing to a more secure and privacy-centric Android ecosystem.

Legal regime of nuclear non-proliferation imposes upon the IAEA the obligation to ensure the full protection of Confidential nuclear Information offered by member states. Implementation of mutual obligations requires each party to adhere to its obligations, but the IAEA seemingly is willing to receive more Information and broadly monitor Iranian nuclear activities, instead of giving due consideration to the latter's right to have its sensitive Information secured. Therefore, recent years have seen daunting challenges, with Iran's concerns have not been sufficiently fulfilled. Violation of the obligation to ensure the full protection of Confidential Information together with prejudicing the credibility of the non-proliferation verification regime raises the IAEA's responsibility towards Iran and gives it the right to take self-help measures.

IPRs owners, especially inventors, from the creation of idea up to its commercialization are often faced with disclosure of Confidential Information delivered to third parties during license agreement negotiations. In fact, the main purpose of Confidentiality agreements is to protect different types of IPRs including patents, know-how, trade secrets, etc. with a view to prepare the background for proper and effective their protection, supervision and management of their exploitation. The use of non-disclosure agreements in high-tech sector, especially for computer and internet companies is much common in license agreement negotiations. On the other hand, researchers and inventors in knowledge-based companies may be faced with challenges like disclosure of Confidential Information in the process of acquiring IPRs protection. The important point is the ignorance of many idea owners and inventors as to how such agreements are concluded. When delivering Confidential Information, non-disclosure agreement covers merely this Information and is concluded for its protection before license agreement is concluded or during license agreement negotiations. Signing and entering into such agreements, without knowledge of laws and their characteristics, may bring about dangerous and heavy obligations for parties. In this paper, through a descriptive- analytic approach, we define non-disclosure agreement, its necessity, function, types and common terms and conditions. The results of this paper indicate the necessity of delivering accurate and efficient Information to IPRs owners regarding entering into Confidentiality agreements and need to modify the current legal structure in order to protect their rights.

One of the most important benefits of arbitration as a dispute resolution method is the preservation of Confidential Information of the disputing parties. Apart from the theoretical issues regarding the principle of Confidentiality, its obligors and guaranteeing the implementation of the said principle, practical solutions for maintaining Confidential Information in arbitration should be considered because of the different demands and desires of parties, different arbitration institutions and arbitrators, variable trust of parties in the arbitrator, the different legal positions and the specific circumstances of each case, require that the various ways of enforcing the principle of Confidentiality be identified for the parties and the arbitrators, and that practical solutions be offered to them in a flexible manner. In this article, an attempt has been made to study the existing solutions in this regard by analyzing the rules and procedures in arbitrations. There are several main strategies to protect Confidential Information in arbitration: "Strategies to restrict access to Confidential Information", "Strategies to prevent the disclosure of Confidential Information in the arbitration process" and "Strategies to prevent the disclosure of Confidential Information in arbitral award". Certainly, the conclusion of this article is not to prefer any of these strategies in the field of Confidentiality in arbitration over another, and even the use of a combination of such methods can further meet the needs of the parties to the arbitration in terms of maintaining Confidentiality. Finally, the present article concludes that limiting the access of arbitrator to the Confidential Information should not impede issuing fair award, and in this regard, it is suggested that important Confidential Information can be available to arbitrators or only the presiding arbitrator. Not mentioning evidence based on Confidential Information in the arbitral award is logical only to the extent that it does not make troubles in the stage of challenge, recognition and enforcement of the arbitral award. Restricting access to Confidential Information should not violate the right of the parties to the fair trial, and third-party intervention to prevent disclosure of Information is possible only in exceptional cases, because the arbitrator himself/herself is generally considered an impartial and expert third party. The fundamental solution is that legislators and regulators of arbitration rules should seriously and in detail include practical solutions for the protection of Confidential Information in the mentioned regulations. At present, and before these changes are implemented, what is proposed is that these solutions can be preferably mentioned in the initial arbitration agreement or the terms of reference.

Introduction: Humans always have Information needs. Several factors cause the Information need. Context is one of them. Complicated and changing context of Business has resulted in creating Business Information needs and so providing Business Information services. This paper reviews and introduces these concepts in order to open a new path for Information professions. Methodology: This paper is a literature review. Findings: Different aspects of Business Information, as well as needs, resources and services of Business Information and the role Information and knowledge professions may have in this domain are shown and explained. Conclusion: Today, the role and importance of Business Information and Business Information services has been determined worldwide in a way that it is needed for designing Business Information services. The Information professionals can enter these areas in a way that they can have practical and fundamental roles and consequently, promote their social situations.